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The All Saint church magazines
for the period 1869 to 1874 contain a monthly weather report.
They run from and to the 20th of each month, presumably the
date that the magazine went to the printers, J. Shimeld of
Market Place, Bingham. The only indication of who prepared
the reports is the initials J.G. that appear after the reports
in the later years. This might have been John Godfrey, who
in 1871 was the Master of the Union workhouse and a sideman
at the church. Terry Scholey, a specialist in long-range weather
forecasting, has examined the reports. He was able to fill
in details of the missing years (1871 and 1872) from data
he holds in Radcliffe on Trent.
The first thing to be aware of is that
the quality of the equipment used at that time and the environment
in which it was placed may not have compared well with modern
equivalents. For example, the highest temperature reading
was 92 degrees Farenheit recorded on the 26th August 1869
(Centigrade was not used in those days). This is a little
late for such a high figure, but not impossible. 91oFarenheit
was recorded in July the previous year, during a very dry,
hot summer.
More reliable are likely to be the minimum
temperature values as the radiated effect of the sun is taken
away at night and is not so dominant in winter. Interestingly,
the lowest temperature also occurred in 1869 suggesting this
was a year of extremes. It was during a white Christmas on
the morning of 28th December, when the thermometer fell to
just 9oF, a very sharp frost indeed.
Several well-known singularities were
observed in these weather records. Singularities are events
that occur with some regularity at the same time of the year.
One such is the notorious mid-May cold spell; another the
very warm weather that tends to occur around 21st April. Both
are evident in these records and there are other long-term
weather cycles that also manifest themselves.
There is an approximately 22 to 23 year
cycle of severe winters, with the one of 1870/71 falling into
this category. This singularity holds good to the present
with the subsequent winters of 1894/95, 1916/17, 1939/40,
1962/63 and 1984/85 also very cold. All these winters were
preceded (a warning if you like) and followed by some very
cold individual months. With the next cold winter in this
cycle due in the next couple of years, it will be interesting
to see if this pattern holds true.
The 22 to 23 year weather cycle is in fact dependent on a
magnetic effect known as the Hale cycle. This encompasses
two sun spot cycles. The Hale cycle starts and ends at points
of minimum sun spot activity. Period of high geomagnetic activity,
such as there is at present and there was in the early 1870s,
can cause weather extremes. Both 1868 and 1870 produced droughts
for example, followed by excessive storms and floods in 1872
when the Trent burst its banks. August and December in 1872
were particularly wet, with six and half inches of rain (three
times the average) falling on Bingham in December that year.
High geomagnetic activity is often associated
with aurora or Northern Lights and this was confirmed in the
parish notes on couple of occasions. The first is on the night
of 24th/25th September 1870, another is recorded on the night
of 18th April 1873. It was easier to spot the phenomenon during
the latter half of nineteenth century, as street lighting
was limited and there was considerably less light pollution
in the night sky than now.
January 1873 was mild until the 20th
then another noteworthy cold spell gave severe weather with
snow well into February. The summer that followed was poor
and quite wet, with resultant harvesting problems into the
autumn.
By 1874 the Hale effect was beginning
to fade but interestingly, as in 1965 also just after a magnetic
peak, some of the coldest winter weather was experienced in
the second week of March. On the morning of the 11th 1874
temperatures fell to 13oF at Bingham, with a similar occurrence
on 2nd March 1965 of just 12oF in the same area suggesting
a connection.
A dry spring followed when there were
brief very warm spells, but it was often cool, with a chilly
wind. July was the best of the summer months ending with some
welcome rain, followed by an unsettled and occasionally windy
August. 1874 then ended very cold, with particularly severe
frosts during December.
Whilst looking further into the
parish magazine notes, the use of Weather Lore was as strong
then as it is now. There is a reference of ‘Come the
oak leaf before the ash in for a splash; ash before oak in
for a soak’ in the spring of 1870 suggesting a dry summer,
which turned out to be correct, but it does not always work.
Far more reliable is to examine the record of solar activity.
In this respect the Bingham weather records are valuable in
that they add to the evidence that weather extremes are linked
to geomagnetic activity. The strong burst of sun spot activity
in the late 1860’s and early 1870’s was relatively
short lived during a generally quiet period, but the Bingham
weather records show vividly how it interfered with our climate.
There is no better example than the biggest extreme of all
in these records. That is February 1869. This was one of the
mildest ever, recording an average temperature of 7.5oC. This
hasn’t been beaten since and has only been succeeded
once, in 1779, also during a period of enhanced geomagnetic
activity. This seems to confirm the suggestion that solar
particles increase temperature or cause extremes. As the sun
has been more active than normal, more often, since the late
1940’s, this may go some way to explaining the current
enhanced global warming. |
